David Bawden
David Allen Bawden (born September 22, 1959), is an American citizen who was elected "Pope Michael I" by a very small group of Conclavist or post-Sedevacantist Catholics to fill the vacancy they consider to have been caused by the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958. He is one of a group of self-proclaimed papal pretenders (or antipopes), including Fr. Lucian Pulvermacher (proclaimed Pius XIII) in Montana and the late Clemente Domínguez y Gómez (proclaimed Gregory XVII) in Spain.
Bawden's claim to the papacy
Bawden's supporters argue that the elections of Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul I, Pope John Paul II, and Pope Benedict XVI were invalid because they are all modernists. Pope Pius X had in Lamentabili Sane, condemned the heresy of Modernism. This Index was Supplementary to the general Syllabus of Condemned Errors issued by Pope Pius IX.
In 1907 Pope Pius X had issued Praestantia Scriptura where he imposed automatic excommunication upon all remaining Modernists who remained within the Church. He stated:
We declare and determine that if anyone, which may God forbid, should go forward so brazenly as to defend any proposition reprobated in either of these documents, by that fact itself, he incurs excommunication reserved to the Roman Pontiff.
The claim that Pius XII's successors are modernists as conceived by Pope Pius X is dismissed as factually inaccurate by the vast majority of Catholics, who point out that to date every Ecumenical Council has seen some controversy, especially councils which perform major revision and reform work such as the Council of Trent which codified the Tridentine Mass and numerous other reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Claims against popes
David Allen Bawden (born September 22, 1959), is an American citizen who was elected "Pope Michael I" by a very small group of Conclavist or post-Sedevacantist Catholics to fill the vacancy they consider to have been caused by the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958. He is one of a group of self-proclaimed papal pretenders (or antipopes), including Fr. Lucian Pulvermacher (proclaimed Pius XIII) in Montana and the late Clemente Domínguez y Gómez (proclaimed Gregory XVII) in Spain.
Bawden's claim to the papacy
Bawden's supporters argue that the elections of Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul I, Pope John Paul II, and Pope Benedict XVI were invalid because they are all modernists. Pope Pius X had in Lamentabili Sane, condemned the heresy of Modernism. This Index was Supplementary to the general Syllabus of Condemned Errors issued by Pope Pius IX.
In 1907 Pope Pius X had issued Praestantia Scriptura where he imposed automatic excommunication upon all remaining Modernists who remained within the Church. He stated:
We declare and determine that if anyone, which may God forbid, should go forward so brazenly as to defend any proposition reprobated in either of these documents, by that fact itself, he incurs excommunication reserved to the Roman Pontiff.
The claim that Pius XII's successors are modernists as conceived by Pope Pius X is dismissed as factually inaccurate by the vast majority of Catholics, who point out that to date every Ecumenical Council has seen some controversy, especially councils which perform major revision and reform work such as the Council of Trent which codified the Tridentine Mass and numerous other reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Claims against popes
Justification for electing a pope
According to sedevacanists, none of the appointments made since 1958 to the College of Cardinals is valid, as the popes who made them were themselves invalid. As there are no surviving members of the pre-1958 College of Cardinals, according to their theory there is no college to do the electing, necessitating a new interim procedure to elect a new pope who would then fill the vacancies and so create a valid College of Cardinals.
Process for his election
Mrs. Benns and Mr. David Bawden, who together summoned the assembly to elect the Pope in 1990, claim to have invited all orthodox Catholics to join, but receive only six respondents. They then formed the assembly which elected Bawden, who took the reign name Michael. He said that his motivation Pope Leo XIII's decision to institute the Invocation of St. Michael Archangel, and to add it to every Tridentine Mass.
That invocation was deleted following the Second Vatican Council by Paul VI.
No clerical involvement
Supporters of 'Pope Michael'
The movement to elect a Pope in opposition to the Pope in Rome began in the mid 1970s with Fr. Saenz Arriaga of Mexico, who wrote a book 'Sede Vacante'. There were rumors that he desired Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre to be elected. He visisted Lefebvre in Houston, Texas in 1976, possibly to discuss a Papal Election. He died two months later in Houston. Dr. Benjamin Franklin Dryden took up the cause, writing several articles to promote such an election and circulating them privately. Influenced by the rumors of a Papal Election in the early 1980s Teresa Benns wrote an article asking all Catholics to join together to hold such an election, which was published in a small "Traditionalist" newsletter. In 1987 Daniel Leonardi sent a letter to people throughout the world asking them to gather and promote and hold a Papal Election. At the same time David Bawden became convinced of the necessity of a Papal Election and began working with Benns, Leonardi and several others to accomplish this project for the good of the Church. In 1990 Benns and Bawden published 'Will the Catholic Church Survive the Twentieth Century' in order to state their claim that a Papal Election was necessary, as well as to refute the many heresies they ascribed to Traditionalists. On July 16, 1990 a group of six, including Bawden, his parents and Benns, gathered and held their election, which elected David Bawden as Pope Michael.
His claim to the papacy is generally ignored by the world at large and apart from a few articles and a single television interview, his presence has not spread beyond the Internet.
Sedevacantist criticism of 'Pope Michael'
Some sedevacanists criticised the method of election of "Pope Michael" because three of the six 'electors', including David Bawden himself, belonged to his family, and a fourth was his friend Teresa Benns, requiring only one other elector to vote for him. Other critics have noted that the Bawden family are themselves the publishers and authors of sedevacantist books, with the implication being that the proclamation of a member of the family as a 'pope' provided a higher profile and so enabled the promotion of their books. The family deny the allegation.
Thomas Frank interviewed Bawden for his 2004 book, What's the Matter with Kansas?, and devoted a chapter to him.
The Vatican-In-Exile